Fire Sermon and Deming's Profound Knowledge System
戴明哲學與火誡
(A speech by Hanching Chung on May 2 , 1998 at Chinese Deming Center Taipei )
Starting points: In Peter R. Scholtes's new book The Leader's Handbook, the author gave a profound A Final Thought. He said:
Intrigued by the optimism of Teihard de Chardin, Bill Hunter and I would explore how Deming's philosophy can help humankind evolve into systems that create better places to work and learn, better government, better institutions of health care, and improved organizational pursuits of every kind.It is part of a new renaissance (emphasized by H.C ).
The author also quoted Teihard de Chardin's famous “Omega Point.” in The End of the World:
The day will come when, after harnessing the ether, the winds, the tides, and gravitation—after all the scientific and technical achievements, we shall harness for God the energies of love. And then, on that days, for the second time in the history of the world, man will have discovered fire!
First, I like to say that I love this kind of soft thinking or poetic expression. But we are in a dilemma that one of Shewhart and Deming's legacies is operational meaning or definition, so we also love many metaphors without operational meaning but maybe with profound meaning( somebody said one of its origin meaning is Moan!) for the religious man like Dr Deming and many of his friends including something of you.
I know Some of you are Buddhist. Never mind, I believe Deming will appreciate The Fire Sermon by T. S. Eliot(1888-1965) in which he mentionedBurning burning burning burning
O Lord Thou pluckest me out
O Lord Thou pluckest
O Burning
According to most notes ,we need to refer to Buddhism in Translation by H. C. Warren to understand the fire image and I was shocked to find
the moments of truths in both great religions.
Information, Knowledge, Insight and Understanding
I believe Deming's Philosophy put a lot on the understanding which many people think is equivalent with wisdom. I love the old translation of Bible for the word “ understanding”. The Chinese characters for it means that in order to understand something or somebody, we must listening, with heart, with open mind and to let light in. What a wonderful translation—this is nearly exactly the requirements of Dr. Deming's definition of a leader.
We really need to understand our modern culture is a “ information cult” and “information anxiety” culture to appreciate ( this word is very meaningful in our context and Deming community) Deming Philosophy.
When I mentioned information cult and anxiety, I actually want to refer two books by Theodore Rozak(The Cult of Information, by the way, Theo used I. F. Stone's Newsletter as an example of his preference and I think many of you may like Stone's last masterpiece which we have a good translation and I like Stone attitude of copyright so that OUP could not trace it.)Many people will surprise that I quote another T. S. Eliot's work as follows:
Where is the life we have lost in living;
Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge;
Where is the knowledge we have lost in information.
(quoted from “ Choruses from ‘The Rock’”)
Well, maybe too many Eliot for this talk but we should remember Dr. Deming chose one Japanese poem to express his quality triangle.
We as a manager or an educator, in this age of www (or world wide mess), need to be very careful in Ultimate Resources(Henry Simon’s term), that is in people and their time. I believe Deming's significant contribution to Shewhart's legacy is to emphasize on the people. So he mentioned about the most important application of control charts principles is in people. We'll appreciate his concern with people life in organizations so that he talked about“destruction forces” ,”Fear”,” training and education” , ”Trust” , ” cooperation”, “money and other ‘ havingness’ as the means of motivation?”
I believe in our last transparent film we can appreciate some of Deming's Faith, Hope and Love. But I think some of his stories can help us understand my points.(Stories skipped.)
Let's review some of Demingism as our understand of Deming Philosophy.
We'll have two group discussions for “Transformation and Leadership” and “ Continuous Improvement” today and I wish we have a good conference.
戴明哲理DEMINGISMS(中譯:蔡大為)
1. 用什麼方法?By What Method?應用方法才可以重現結果,方法有助於解決問題,有些方法更能防止系統出錯。如果我們企圖評鑑處於系統中〔某個人〕,這表示我們正使用的方法有瑕疵,用這種方法來決定員工的薪資、昇遷本身就錯了。譯註:個人績效高低主要繫於系統的良窳,不然怎會有《丈夫無力以迴天》這句話。我們不可能把系統中所有相互影響的變數都獨立起來,我們最好善用資深員工的經驗創造力技能態度或我們自己健全的判斷
應該把焦點放在方法不是結果,懂得方法能幫助我們瞭解結果,當我們知道某些方法的本質,就不會相信其結果。譯註:方法錯了當然不必相信其結果。
2. 知識無可取代There's No Substitute For Knowledge儘吾所能並不保證成功,堅定不移固然值得欽佩,但仍嫌不足,徒有資金不足以自行,花言巧語、經過協調的努力也可能失敗。
資訊 + 理論 = 知識
在戴明循環(PDSA,Plan, Do, Study, Act)中不斷地應用知識,可造就持續改善。
智慧與知識可化解恐懼。
(譯註:聰明+理論+資訊=>戴明淵博知識系統)
3. 他們要如何領會?How Could They Know?目前大部份商學院的課程並不講授戴明的淵博知識系統與14項要點,一般人必須在其中浸潤良久,方能將戴明的理論發展成可用的整體架構。
他們要如何才能領會?
戴明的哲理可適用下列情境:
- 部門間存有相互學習的障礙時,可用戴明的哲理進行教育訓練。
- 未對方法作明確的解說時。
- 對員工不知道的事情不宜有所苛責。
- 為什人不知善用紙筆?
- 一個大家都視為理所當然的例子A Stupid Example
6. 錯誤Wrong很多時候從常識導出的答案是錯的。「口號、呼籲訓示等能促使系統表現的更好」看似合乎邏輯,但實際上,環境、資材、設備等,並不會「應聲」啟動。
降低成本最先就想免除所有員工在持續教育以及改善的努力,這是錯誤的想法。誤認組織之轉型可以加以「執行」,也是錯誤的。因為它使人誤認為轉型的過程如同開燈關燈般容易。有些人認為「品質」交待下去就會執行,這也是錯誤的。
- 盡心盡力的員工只是儘其所能地工作
領導者有責任去改革,而員工也可在流程中盡力支持並改善。但是,惟有管理者的參與,才能使改善奏效,如此管理團隊才算是善盡其職。
孔子與戴明學說(1998/11)
一,詩人筆下的《論語》與孔子
我原本要寫篇孔子(公元前五五—前四七九)的外國詩人知音。介紹英國名譯家魏雷(Auther Waley,或譯為韋利等 ),美國詩人龐得(E. Pound )、日本名作家井上 靖等人如何 “利用” 孔丘。
我是鼓勵讀經典的。我接觸到許多洋人,多是一輩子勤讀柏拉圖的(例如本月介紹的偉大Holmes法官)。中華文化下真正的經典其實不多,《論語》是少數的例外,何況孔丘志在「為政」,其「願景」(vision)和學說內容,多與戴明極相近,或可會通。
學問是天下公器。我看完吉川 幸次郎先生及井上先生的著作,真覺得他們是孔丘的知音。「禮失而求諸野」,沒什麼可嘆的,反而要慶幸。(以前覺得安岡正篤等人也不錯,這次讀其《活讀論語》沒有什麼收獲,這次不多談其它書,如澀澤的《論語與算盤》等,更不談非《論語》外的「儒學」。)
看完吉川先生和井上先生的作品,你會發現日本的學者及作家是何等的用心及有識見。吉川先生對《論語》是教大學時才“困而知之”的,井上先生則是七十歲之後才認識《論語》的。但是,吉川先生是有史識的人,他從《羅馬衰亡史》談起,到引用 “激情”的《左傳》故事,先介紹學術思想,再談時代背景,偶而諷勸日本人,他對孔子做為「信賴人間世與愛」的堅信者,有深入的了解:「仁即愛的擴充」,而這要對人間的事實,做更多的學習與了解,磨練才行…其實吉川先生的書,除了講究「事實」外,也頗富戲劇張力,值得一讀。
井上先生逝世前十來年,在清點人生意義時是化身為孔子的。他晚年生病住院時,更是投入,化身為孔丘。井上先生精神上為詩人,然而八十三歲時寫《孔子》歷史小說時,是做了許多功課的。我選這版本,因為其中有《致中國讀者》等珍貴資料。
魏雷先生是位名譯家。我尚未讀到他對 “仁”的“神秘”(mystic的原始意義是閉上眼,閉上嘴,細心體會其意義)的解釋,引以為憾。
龐得如何用想像力「再造」 “吾與點也”的境界,就用下述譯文供讀者對照(取材自史景遷作品):
孔子漫步走過聖廟,又走進了杉樹林,
然後在低處的河邊徐行。
伴隨他的是求,赤和說話細聲細氣的點“我們都默默無聞”, 孔子說,“你們將來會去駕車嗎?”你們將因此而成名。“也許我確實應該去駕車或射箭?”“或是在公眾面前講演?”子路說道: “我想要整頓防務。”求說: “如果我是一地之主,我將把它治理得比現在更好。”赤則說道: “我更喜歡有一座小小的山廟,整肅禮儀,讓祭祀恰如其分地舉行”。點開口了, 手指撫弄著琴弦當他手已離琴, 卻依然是餘音裊裊那聲音在枝葉下面飄起, 彷彿輕煙,他注視著它說:“古老的池塘,孩子們撲咚撲咚躍入水中,“或是端坐在樹叢裡, 彈奏著曼多鈴。”對所有的人, 孔子都報以同樣的微笑。曾皙很想知道:“誰回答對了?”孔子卻說: “他們都回答對了,也就是說, 各自遵照各自的天性。”……
二、小論孔學與戴明學說
“無意、無必、無固、無我”與戴明淵知識系統(SoPK)或有密切的關係。「無我」可以是「傾聽他人或顧客」、「熱心服務」的基本心態。「無固」就是要持續改善、學習。「無必」是要考慮變異(分布等)、「無意」或可能是要考量對別人的影響、互動等等。四絕寓「客觀相對」:不妄測未來,不墨守成規、不堅持己見,不專顧自己。不只是提高品格的基本觀念而已:
當然,「絕四」是從負面表列,而SoPK則是正面的。不過,我們在這方面、該「知之為知之,不知為不知了」,也許,我們是“利用”過頭了。因為孔子有時的出發點是「克己」,「復禮」…。「君子務本(孝、悌、忠恕之道),本立而道生」當然,孔學之全體可用其
及應用於德行、言語、政事、文學來統括。「志於道據於德
依於仁
游於藝」
錢穆先生說:歷來通儒勸人講究做人道理(「吃緊為人」),以為孔學非一項「理論」、「成不成系統」、「合不合邏輯」、成不成「知識」。因為《論語》是要教人「君子上達」之道。
孔子講究學《詩》,目的不僅為修養,又是為了 “言”和 “政”以及 “使於四方”辦外交,因為他刪的《詩》,其實多為古代天子的 “召”與 “誓”。
就戴明的淵博知識系統而言,與孔子辨明 “和”與 “同”是很能契合的。“同”是沒變異,完全無多樣化,是 “死”的、靜態的。而 “和”不只是系統間不同要素的交互作用(目的一致,一定),請參考《戴明修練II》中從「物理、情感、邏輯或知情意」等三方面的調和之討論。
“信任”成為系統中人際互動及交易的最重要原則,所以每項的供應商只精選一家合作…其朋友把這種信任關係,推廣成信任的「經濟學」。
三、孔學與SoPK的世俗應用
最近, 克林頓 總統事件弄得全世界媒體發燒。最後竟然淪為「辯解」sex的定義。這是那門子的事, 依sex的「作業定義(或運作定義)」, 也就是(或許是) “非禮勿sex”。然後, 再花數以億計的錢, 討論「何謂禮法」…這就是「法治」嗎,可是這方面美國又算成就相當高,比較亞洲等處的「人治」的「我」說了就算了!
其實, 這危機即使能「轉危為安」, 仍無法克服美國及我國等制度中, 庸人為政的政治現象。據我所知,克林頓、金瑞奇等人都知道戴明的SoPK,但談到「道德」,則是另一層次的考量。
最近有人以為「企業是道德重整」的重要據點,我也不以為然,以後再詳談。
建議讀物:
吉川幸次郎《中國之智慧—孔子學術思想》吳錦裳譯
井 上 靖《孔子》 鄭民欽譯 人民日報出版社(1990)本書另有台灣劉慕沙譯本。孔門小說尚有日人《弟子》等精彩作品。
廖沫沙《鳳兮,鳳兮!》見其《瓮中雜俎》
錢 穆《孔子與論語》聯經(1974)
史景遷 《文化類同與文化利用》北京大學出版社, 本文的龐得詩, 引自此書。
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